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# CyberSecureFox: Your Guide to the World of Cybersecurity

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## Posts
- [HashiCorp, Veeam and Django patch 11 new CVEs in 2026](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/hashicorp-veeam-django-august-2026-security-patches/): HashiCorp, Veeam and the Django Software Foundation released fixes in early August 2026 for 11 vulnerabilities, three of which are rated critical. The most severe are: cross-tenant token spoofing in Terraform MCP Server (CVE-2026-16498, CVSS 10.0), theft of managed agent credentials without authentication in the Veeam Service Provider Console (CVE-2026-58073, CVSS 9.5), and file writes with possible code execution via GeoDjango (CVE-2026-15307). Patches are available for: Terraform MCP Server 1.1.0+, Veeam VSPC 9.3.0.35057, Django 6.0.8 / 5.2.17. None of the vulnerabilities was listed in the CISA KEV catalog or had a public exploit at the time of publication; however, because each vulnerability is configuration-dependent, applicability needs to be assessed individually.
- [Active Exploitation of CVE-2026-63077 in JetBrains TeamCity Confirmed by CISA](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/cisa-jetbrains-teamcity-cve-2026-63077/): CISA on August 5, 2026 added the vulnerability CVE-2026-63077 to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, confirming its active exploitation. The vulnerability affects on-premise versions of JetBrains TeamCity — one of the most widely used continuous integration and delivery platforms. With a CVSS score of 9.8 out of 10, this flaw allows an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the TeamCity server. U.S. federal agencies are required to remediate the vulnerability by August 8, 2026, but immediate updating is recommended for all organizations using on-premise TeamCity.
- [CISA flags Langflow, Tomcat and N-central bugs under active attack](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/cisa-adds-langflow-tomcat-n-central-kev/): CISA has added three vulnerabilities with confirmed active exploitation to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog: a critical RCE in Langflow (CVE-2026-9198, CVSS 9.8), an encryption bypass in Apache Tomcat (CVE-2026-34486, CVSS 7.5), and an authentication bypass in N-able N-central (CVE-2026-18556, CVSS 8.2). U.S. federal civilian agencies are required to remediate these vulnerabilities by August 7, 2026. Particular attention is drawn to the attribution of the Tomcat exploitation: according to Unit 42, it is linked to an autonomous campaign in which a Chinese-speaking threat actor used DeepSeek as an offensive operator.
- [Active Exploitation of N-able N-central Authentication Flaws](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/n-able-n-central-authentication-bypass-exploited/): N-able has confirmed active exploitation of critical authentication bypass vulnerabilities in the N-central platform — a remote monitoring and management (RMM) system used by managed service providers (MSPs) and IT teams to administer customer endpoints. Attackers obtained remote administrative access to N-central servers and, from there, reached managed client systems. The first patch turned out to be incomplete: fixing one attack vector (CVE-2026-18556) did not block an alternative exploitation path, which received a separate identifier, CVE-2026-18577. The only protected version is build 2026.3.1.7, released on 2 August 2026. All N-central users must immediately update to this version and search for signs of compromise on managed endpoints.
- [Keyv npm ecosystem compromise: worm-like spread through stolen tokens](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/keyv-npm-supply-chain-attack-preinstall-scripts/): On August 4, 2026, a large-scale supply chain attack was recorded in the npm ecosystem: malicious code first discovered in keyv@6.0.0 spread beyond the Keyv and Cacheable namespaces, impacting hundreds of packages across many organizations. The malware abuses the preinstall script mechanism to steal credentials from development and CI/CD environments, and then automatically republishes infected versions of other packages accessible via the stolen npm tokens. Any system that executed an infected version must be treated as compromised — and before rotating tokens you must first remove the credential revocation watcher installed by the malware, otherwise the rotation itself will trigger the attacker’s handler.
- [N-able N-central CVE-2026-18577 Auth Bypass Added to CISA KEV](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/cve-2026-18577-n-able-n-central-auth-bypass/): CVE-2026-18577 is an authentication bypass vulnerability in the N-able N-central remote monitoring platform (CVSS 8.2). It was added by CISA to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on August 3, 2026, after confirmation of active exploitation. A successful attack gives an adversary administrative access to the N-central server and, via the built-in Take Control feature, the ability to break into managed endpoints. U.S. federal agencies are required to apply the patch by August 6, 2026. All organizations using N-central must immediately update to version 2026.3 HF1 and check their environment for indicators of compromise.
- [Dependency-Confusion Attack Delivers RAT via Fake Alibaba npm Packages](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/malicious-npm-packages-targeting-alibaba-developers/): Researchers at Socket have discovered 18 malicious npm packages targeting developers who use tools from the Alibaba Group ecosystem. The packages impersonate private components from the @ali namespace and deliver a cross-platform remote access trojan (RAT) with capabilities for command execution, file exfiltration and lateral movement. The attack affects Windows, Linux and macOS environments. Anyone who has installed the listed packages is advised to treat their system as compromised and immediately rotate credentials from a clean machine.
- [Unit 42 details three post-exploit attacks on Chrome passkeys](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/chrome-passkey-post-exploitation-unit42/): Researchers from Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 have published a study of three post-exploitation techniques that allow malware running with regular user rights on a Windows system with TPM to authenticate into a victim’s accounts protected with a passkey—without biometrics, a PIN code, or any on-screen prompts. The attacks target Google Password Manager in the Chrome browser and do not break WebAuthn cryptography; instead, they exploit how keys are stored, the logic of device re-enrollment, and how web services validate the user verification flag. No exploitation in real-world attacks has been observed so far, no CVE identifiers have been assigned, and the full patch status remains unknown.
- [Coldcard firmware flaw leaves Bitcoin seeds under-protected](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/coldcard-rng-vulnerability-weak-seed-entropy/): Researchers at Block have disclosed a critical bug in the firmware of Coldcard hardware wallets made by Canadian company Coinkite: starting from March 2021, seed phrase generation on affected devices used a predictable software pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) instead of the hardware one. The effective entropy of seeds ranged from 40 to 72 bits instead of the expected 128 bits for a 12-word BIP-39 phrase. Coinkite released an emergency firmware update on July 31, but it does not fix already generated weak seeds — owners must create a new seed on the updated firmware and move their funds. In parallel, Galaxy Research recorded a suspicious operation on July 30: 1,196 Bitcoin addresses were emptied in 41 minutes for a total of 1,082.65 BTC (~$70.2 million), but no causal link with this vulnerability has been confirmed.
- [In-depth look at Cisco Secure FMC CVE-2026-20316 and its exploitation chain](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/cisco-secure-fmc-cve-2026-20316-kev/): The root cause of CVE-2026-20316 is the presence of hard-coded (static) credentials for a low-privileged account in Cisco Secure FMC software. As Cisco stated in its security advisory, an unauthenticated remote attacker can use these static credentials to log in and gain access to sensitive data under the identity of a low-privileged user.
- [Urgent Updates for Adobe Campaign Classic and Bridge](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/adobe-campaign-classic-cve-2026-48449-update/): Adobe has released security updates that address the maximum‑severity vulnerability CVE-2026-48449 (CVSS 10.0) in the marketing automation platform Adobe Campaign Classic (ACC). The vulnerability allows arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user without any user interaction. At the same time, the company also fixed another serious flaw in ACC and eight critical vulnerabilities in Adobe Bridge. Organizations using these products need to apply the updates immediately — patches are available for both Windows and Linux.
- [How the Fairlife Ransomware Attack Hit Coca-Cola’s Operations](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/coca-cola-fairlife-ransomware-attack-anubis/): Coca-Cola has officially confirmed that the ransomware attack on its dairy subsidiary Fairlife involved unauthorized access to systems and data theft. The company refused to enter into negotiations with the Anubis group, which reportedly published the stolen files on its leak site after its July 27 deadline expired. The incident led to a temporary production halt at all four Fairlife facilities in the United States, although operations have now been almost fully restored.
- [CVE-2026-33825 BlueHammer: Windows LPE Exploit and Researcher–Microsoft Conflict](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/cve-2026-33825-bluehammer-windows-privilege-escalation/): The local privilege escalation vulnerability CVE-2026-33825 affecting Microsoft Windows has become the starting point of a public conflict between a security researcher known as Nightmare Eclipse and the Microsoft Security Response Center team. Successful exploitation, according to available information, allows access to the Security Account Manager (SAM) database with hashes of local account passwords and elevation of privileges to SYSTEM level. Microsoft addressed the issue in the April 2026 Patch Tuesday release; however, this was followed by a series of additional vulnerability disclosures that the researcher positions as a protest against MSRC practices.
- [CVE-2026-10702: Public Exploit and Firefox 151.0.3 Patch](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/firefox-cve-2026-10702-ionstack-ghostlock/): Mozilla has released an emergency update Firefox 151.0.3 that fixes the high-severity vulnerability CVE-2026-10702 in the browser’s JIT compiler. The bug affects stable Firefox builds from 147 through 151.0.2 and allows arbitrary code execution in the rendering process simply by visiting a malicious web page — without any additional user interaction. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the research company Nebula Security has already published a working exploit, although as of July 28, 2026, there have been no confirmed cases of exploitation in real-world attacks.
- [How CVE-2026-60004 Exposes Gitea and Why You Must Upgrade](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/gitea-cve-2026-60004-critical-rce-vulnerability/): Gitea has fixed a critical remote code execution vulnerability (CVE-2026-60004, CVSS 9.8) that allows a user with write access to a repository to inject an executable Git hook via the diffpatch API endpoint and execute arbitrary commands as the Gitea service account. The vulnerability affects all versions from 1.17 up to 1.27.1. A fix is available in version 1.27.1. Public proof-of-concept (PoC) exploit code is already available, although at the time of publication there were no confirmed cases of exploitation in real-world attacks. All administrators of self-hosted Gitea installations must update immediately.
- [CVE-2013-4786: IPMI Password Hash Exposure Puts BMCs at Risk](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/ipmi-v20-cve-2013-4786-bmc-password-hash-leak/): According to researchers at Lava, more than 36,000 Baseboard Management Controllers (BMC) using the IPMI protocol are reachable from the public internet, and about 24,650 of them expose account password hashes even before authentication. The root cause is an architectural flaw in the IPMI v2.0 specification, tracked as CVE-2013-4786 (CVSS 7.5). No patch exists or is expected, as the vulnerability is inherent to the protocol itself. Organizations operating servers with BMCs must immediately check whether UDP port 623 is accessible from external networks and isolate management interfaces.
- [Critical DHCPv6 buffer overflow in odhcpd patched in OpenWrt](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/openwrt-24-10-8-cve-2026-53921-odhcpd-rce/): The OpenWrt project has released version 24.10.8, which fixes the critical vulnerability CVE-2026-53921 (CVSS 3.1: 9.8) — a stack buffer overflow in the odhcpd daemon that processes DHCPv6 requests. An unauthenticated attacker with network access to UDP port 547 can send a specially crafted DHCPv6 REQUEST packet and overwrite the stack buffer, which on typical embedded hardware is highly likely to lead to arbitrary code execution with root privileges. Public Python exploit code is already available. Users of the 24.10 branch need to upgrade to 24.10.8, and users of the 25.12 branch to 25.12.5.
- [NightLedger, BridgeHead and ArcBridge Used in Targeted Attacks](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/nimbus-manticore-nightledger-bridgehead-arcbridge/): According researchers, the Iranian group Nimbus Manticore (also known as Mirage Kitten, Smoke Sandstorm, UNC1549) is carrying out a series of cyberattacks against organizations in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, using a previously undocumented backdoor NightLedger and two specialized tunneling tools — BridgeHead and ArcBridge. Reported targets include government entities and small businesses in Jordan and Tanzania, aviation organizations in Pakistan, telecommunications companies in Ethiopia and financial institutions in Burkina Faso. Organizations in the specified sectors and regions should immediately inspect their networks for signs of compromise associated with this toolkit.
- [How MAI-Cyber-1-Flash fits into Microsoft’s MDASH cyber strategy](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/microsoft-mai-cyber-1-flash-mdash-security/): Microsoft has introduced MAI-Cyber-1-Flash, its first artificial intelligence model designed specifically for cybersecurity tasks. The model runs exclusively inside MDASH, a multi-model vulnerability identification and remediation system. According to Microsoft’s announcement, the MDASH configuration with MAI-Cyber-1-Flash and GPT-5.4 scored 95.95% on the CyberGym benchmark, while cutting system operating costs by 50% compared to the previous model combination. Access is limited to approved MDASH customers through a private preview in Azure AI Foundry.
- [Arista VeloCloud Orchestrator CVE-2026-16812 Under Active Exploitation](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/arista-velocloud-orchestrator-cve-2026-16812-command-injection/): The critical vulnerability CVE-2026-16812 with a maximum CVSS score of 10.0 in on-premises versions of Arista VeloCloud Orchestrator (VCO) has been confirmed as being actively exploited. The vulnerability allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the orchestrator host, which leads to complete compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the SD-WAN management platform and all peripheral devices connected to it. CISA has added the vulnerability to the KEV catalog, setting a remediation deadline for federal agencies of July 30, 2026. Organizations using VCO on-premises must immediately update the system or apply access-limitation measures.
- [Inside NVIDIA’s Open Secure AI Alliance and the NOOA agent framework](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/nvidia-open-secure-ai-alliance-nooa-analysis/): NVIDIA, together with 36 organizations, announced the creation of the Open Secure AI Alliance—a coalition to develop open technologies for securing software and AI agents. The alliance includes Microsoft, Cisco, Cloudflare, CrowdStrike, Hugging Face, IBM, Palo Alto Networks, Red Hat and the Linux Foundation. The stated scope covers the full stack of agentic systems: identity, authorization, isolation, guardrails, logging, model formats and secure development workflows. However, at launch the public materials do not include a charter, governing board, technical working groups, delivery schedule or a shared alliance repository, and the coalition’s website is still under construction. In practice, the only tangible technical output so far is the NOOA research framework, maintained by NVIDIA itself.
- [How Operation BlueDash abuses RMM tools via Microsoft Teams lures](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/operation-bluedash-rmm-phishing-microsoft-teams/): Researchers from ZeroBEC disclosed details of the phishing campaign Operation BlueDash, in which attackers use fake Microsoft Teams update pages to deliver legitimate remote monitoring and management (RMM) tools. Victims are redirected via compromised web infrastructure to a counterfeit Microsoft Store page, where they are told they must update Teams before opening a “secure document.” The campaign poses a threat to organizations of any size because it uses legitimate software to obtain persistent remote access, making it harder to detect with standard security tools.
- [Have I Been Pwned Confirms Massive Suno Breach with Stripe Data](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/suno-data-breach-have-i-been-pwned-stripe/): The Have I Been Pwned service has added to its database data stolen in the breach of Suno, a popular AI music generator. According to HIBP, the dump contains 55.3 million unique email addresses, phone numbers and tens of thousands of records from the Stripe payment system, including partial bank card details. All Suno users are advised to check their addresses via HIBP and take steps to protect linked accounts and payment instruments.
- [Active Exploitation of PTC Windchill CVE-2026-12569 in Data-Theft Campaigns](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/ptc-windchill-cve-2026-12569-flexplm-cl0p/): The critical vulnerability CVE-2026-12569 in the PTC Windchill product is being actively exploited as part of a data-theft campaign allegedly linked to the Cl0p group. The attackers are combining this vulnerability with a separate information disclosure defect in PTC FlexPLM, which allows unauthenticated arbitrary code execution on systems exposed to the internet. According to a coordinated report by Ransom-ISAC, eCrime.ch and DEFUSED, the targets of the attacks are organizations in the industrial manufacturing, automotive, aerospace and retail sectors. Administrators of PTC Windchill and FlexPLM systems must immediately check whether their deployments are accessible from the internet and apply available fixes.
- [Linux kernel RefluXFS bug lets local users gain root](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/refluxfs-cve-2026-64600-linux-xfs-reflink/): On July 22, the vulnerability CVE-2026-64600 (RefluXFS) in the Linux kernel was disclosed: a race condition in the XFS reflink subsystem allows an unprivileged local user to overwrite root-owned files and gain persistent privileged access. The bug has existed in kernels since version 4.11 (2017). According to Qualys researchers, exploitation conditions are met on default installations of Red Hat Enterprise Linux and derivative distributions, Fedora Server, and Amazon Linux. The fix was merged into the mainline kernel on July 16, and vendors have begun releasing updated kernels. A public PoC exploit is available, but exploitation in the wild had not been observed at the time of disclosure. The only effective measure is to update the kernel and then reboot.
- [How the SourTrade browser-assembled malware targets retail crypto traders](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/sourtrade-browser-assembled-malware-bun/): Researchers at Confiant have disclosed details of a malvertising campaign called SourTrade, in which the victim’s browser independently assembles the final Windows executable from the legitimate Bun runtime and malicious components delivered in parts. According to the researchers, the campaign has been active since late 2024 and targets retail traders and cryptocurrency investors in 12 countries, impersonating the TradingView, Solana and Luno brands. The finished malicious binary is never transmitted over the network as a whole — each victim receives a unique build with a different hash, making simple hash-based detection useless. To stay protected, the key recommendation remains the same: install trading platforms and wallet software only from the developers’ official websites, not via advertising links.
- [Fastjson 1.x CVE-2026-16723 RCE: impact, exploits, fixes](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/cve-2026-16723-fastjson-1x-rce-spring-boot/): The critical remote code execution vulnerability CVE-2026-16723 in the Alibaba Fastjson 1.x library (versions 1.2.68–1.2.83) allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code via a malicious JSON request without authentication—provided that the application is deployed as a Spring Boot fat-JAR and SafeMode is left disabled by default. Alibaba has assigned the vulnerability a CVSS 9.0 score. According to ThreatBook and Imperva, exploitation attempts are already being observed in real-world traffic, while as of July 25 no patch for Fastjson 1.x has been released. Organizations using affected versions must immediately enable SafeMode or migrate to Fastjson2.
- [Inside BlueNoroff’s ClickFix Kit Masquerading as Zoom and Teams](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/bluenoroff-clickfix-zoom-teams-crypto-phishing/): Researchers at JUMPSEC have disclosed details of an active phishing platform that, according to their findings, is linked to the North Korean group BlueNoroff. The platform imitates Zoom and Microsoft Teams video conferences via typosquatting domains and uses the ClickFix technique to deliver malicious code. A key feature of the campaign is profiling victims’ cryptocurrency wallets before deploying malware, allowing the attackers to selectively hit only high-value targets in the crypto industry. The campaign affects both Windows and macOS users, and its self-propagating mechanism — via hijacked Telegram sessions — turns every successful attack into a springboard for the next one.
- [How the AgentForger CSRF Bug Turned ChatGPT Agents into Corporate Insiders](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/agentforger-chatgpt-agent-builder-csrf/): Researchers from Zenity Labs disclosed a CSRF-class vulnerability in the OpenAI ChatGPT Agent Builder tool, which received the codename AgentForger. According to the researchers, a single click on a specially crafted link made it possible to create, authorize, and launch an autonomous AI agent inside the victim’s corporate environment — without any additional interaction from the user. The vulnerability affected organizations using ChatGPT Workspace Agents with connected enterprise integrations (Outlook, Gmail, Slack, Teams, Google Drive). OpenAI reportedly remediated the issue on June 8, 2026 following responsible disclosure. No public security advisory from OpenAI could be found at the time of publication.
- [How Bing’s image pipeline exposed critical RCE via ImageMagick delegates](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/bing-imagemagick-rce-cve-2026-32194-32191/): Microsoft has assigned two critical CVEs — CVE-2026-32194 and CVE-2026-32191 — to vulnerabilities in Bing’s image-processing infrastructure, each with a CVSS 9.8 score. According to researchers from XBOW, a specially crafted SVG file uploaded via image search made it possible to execute arbitrary commands on the processing servers — both on Windows (with NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM privileges) and on Linux (with root privileges). Microsoft remediated both vulnerabilities on the server side before the advisories were published in March; no action is required from users. Public PoC code has been available since July 23.

## Pages
- [Corrections Policy](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/corrections-policy/): This Corrections Policy is part of CyberSecureFox's broader editorial process. To learn more about how we select topics, work with sources, use AI-powered tools, translate content, and maintain editorial independence, visit our Editorial Standards page.
- [Authors & Editorial Team](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/authors/): CyberSecureFox publishes cybersecurity news, analysis, guides, and educational articles. Our content may be published under the name of an individual author or under the CyberSecureFox Editorial Team.
- [Editorial Standards](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/editorial-standards/): Last updated: may 2026
- [Cybersecurity Guides, Ethical Hacking & Privacy](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/): More
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- [Privacy Policy](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/privacy-policy/): Last updated: 09.05.2026
- [Cybersecurity Glossary](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/): Your quick reference for cybersecurity terminology. Clear, concise definitions of InfoSec terms, acronyms, and technical jargon - from APT to Zero-day. Bookmark this page and come back whenever you need a refresher.
- [About CyberSecureFox](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/about/): CyberSecureFox is an independent cybersecurity publication and knowledge resource focused on cyber threats, vulnerabilities, malware activity, data breaches, vendor advisories, and practical security guidance.
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## CM Tooltip Glossary
- [Notarization](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/notarization/): Notarization is the process of verifying and authenticating documents or data by an independent trusted party (a notary). In the context of cybersecurity, notarization refers to the validation of the integrity and origin of software, files, or data.
- [Wi-Fi [WLAN]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/wi-fi/): Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless local area network technology that allows electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and tablets to connect to the Internet or exchange data with each other without the use of wires.
- [JavaScript [JS]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/javascript/): JavaScript is a high-level programming language widely used for creating interactive web pages and web applications. JavaScript runs on the client-side (in the user's web browser), allowing for dynamic modification of page content, responding to user actions, and exchanging data with the server without reloading the page.
- [HyperText Transfer Protocol [HTTP]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/hypertext-transfer-protocol/): HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is an application-level protocol used for transmitting data between a web browser and a web server. It forms the foundation of data exchange on the World Wide Web.
- [Global Positioning System [GPS]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/gps/): GPS (Global Positioning System) is a global positioning system that uses a network of satellites to determine the precise location of an object on Earth.
- [4G](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/4g/): 4G (fourth generation) is a mobile network standard that provides high-speed internet access for smartphones and other mobile devices. Compared to previous generations (3G and earlier), 4G offers significantly faster data transmission, allowing users to browse web pages, stream videos, and upload/download files much more quickly.
- [.NET](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/dot-net/): .NET (pronounced "dot net") is a free, cross-platform software development framework created by Microsoft. It is designed for building various types of applications such as web, mobile, desktop, and gaming.
- [Application Programming Interface [API]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/api/): An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of rules, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. APIs specify how different software components should interact with each other, allowing developers to use pre-built blocks of code to create applications.
- [3G](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/3g/): 3G (third generation) is a wireless communication standard that provides high-speed Internet access for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Compared to previous generations (1G and 2G), 3G offers significantly faster data transmission, allowing users to browse web pages, send emails, make video calls, and use other online services directly on their mobile devices.
- [Virtual Private Network [VPN]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/vpn/): VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that allows you to create a secure and encrypted connection over the internet between your device and a remote network. A VPN works like a tunnel, hiding your network traffic from prying eyes.
- [Samba](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/samba/): Samba is a popular open-source software suite that enables file and printer sharing between computers running Linux/Unix and Windows operating systems on the same network.
- [Remote Access Trojan [RAT]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/remote-access-trojan/): A RAT (Remote Access Trojan) is a type of malicious software that allows an attacker to gain unauthorized remote access and control over an infected computer.
- [Object Linking and Embedding [OLE]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/ole/): Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) is a Microsoft technology that enables the creation of compound documents containing elements from different applications.
- [Intrusion Prevention System [IPS]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/intrusion-prevention-system/): IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) is a network security device that actively monitors, detects, and blocks suspicious activity or attacks in real-time. Unlike an IDS (Intrusion Detection System), which only alerts about potential threats, an IPS can automatically take actions to stop malicious traffic, such as blocking IP addresses or terminating network connections.
- [Bluetooth [BT]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/bluetooth/): Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows devices to exchange data over short distances. It is widely used to connect peripheral devices such as wireless headphones, keyboards, mice, and smartwatches to computers, smartphones, and tablets.
- [Active Directory [AD]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/active-directory/): Active Directory (AD) is a directory service from Microsoft that is used for centralized management of users, computers, and other resources in an organization's network. AD stores information about network objects, such as user accounts, groups, computers, and printers, allowing administrators to efficiently manage access and permissions across the enterprise.
- [Certificate Authorities [CA]](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/certificate-authorities/): Certificate Authorities (CAs) are trusted organizations that issue digital certificates to verify the authenticity and secure online communications. They play a crucial role in ensuring security on the Internet.
- [Packer](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/packer/): A packer is a software tool used to compress, encrypt, and obfuscate executable files in order to make their analysis and reverse engineering more difficult.
- [Salt](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/salt/): Salt is a random string of data that is appended to a password before it is hashed to enhance security. The salt is unique for each password and is stored alongside the password hash.
- [Ad Blocker](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/ad-blocker/): Ad blocker (also known as an ad blocking software) is a program designed to prevent or block various forms of online advertising from appearing on websites, pages, or even in mobile applications.
- [Cloud](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/cloud/): Cloud is an on-demand computing resource delivery model via the Internet. Instead of storing data and running programs on a local computer or server, cloud services allow remote access to them.
- [Zombie](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/zombie/): Zombie (in the context of cybersecurity) is a computer that has been hacked and is under the control of an attacker without the owner's knowledge. These compromised machines are often used to send spam, launch DDoS attacks, or perform other malicious activities as part of a botnet - a network of numerous zombie computers controlled by a hacker.
- [Abuse](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/abuse/): Abuse is the improper or unauthorized use of computer systems, networks, or resources. This can include unauthorized access, data theft, malware distribution, spam, denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and other malicious activities.
- [Deepfake](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/deepfake/): Deepfake is a technology for creating fake photos, videos, or audio recordings using artificial intelligence and machine learning. It allows replacing faces and voices of real people with digital copies, creating very realistic but fake media files.
- [Dark Web](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/dark-web/): The dark web is a hidden part of the internet, accessible only through special software such as Tor. Unlike the regular internet, websites on the dark web are intentionally hidden and not indexed by search engines.
- [Virus](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/virus/): Virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that can self-replicate and spread from one computer to another without the user's knowledge or permission. Similar to biological viruses, computer viruses infect files or programs and use the resources of the infected device to propagate themselves.
- [Crack](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/crack/): Crack, hack, patch - these are slang terms that refer to programs or patches used to bypass protection and illegally use paid software. Such tools circumvent or disable the licensing system, allowing programs to run without purchasing a license.
- [Hacker](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/hacker/): A hacker is an individual who possesses extensive knowledge of computer systems and programming, using their skills to gain unauthorized access to computers, networks, and data.
- [419 Scam](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/419-scam/): The 419 Scam (also known as the "Nigerian letter") is a form of fraud in which fraudsters convince their victim to make a small payment in exchange for a promise of a much larger sum in the future. This scheme, which is carried out mainly through correspondence or phone calls, was named after the relevant section of the Nigerian penal code, where it first became widespread.
- [Administrator](https://cybersecurefox.com/en/glossary/administrator/): A system administrator is an IT professional whose main task is to ensure the proper functioning of a particular computer resource. This resource can be a local network, a website, a server, or a specific piece of software.